Predictors Of Body Image Dissatisfaction Research Articles

Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in kinesiology students.

This research aimed to examine predictors of discrepancies between actual and ideal body images, specifically body fat and muscularity discrepancies, in kinesiology students. Volunteer participants (N = 174, men = 112, women = 62) filled out the sex-specific Somatomorphic Matrices (NSM-M and SM-F) as well as The Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PNPS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSE), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) using paper and pencil tools. The median and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine sex differences, and regression analyses were used to determine the contribution of sex, perfectionism, self-esteem, and eating attitudes in explaining the variances in body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction. The results showed no sex differences in body fat discrepancy, while men showed more discrepancy between actual and ideal muscularity than women. In regression analyses, sex was the only significant predictor of muscularity discrepancy, while disordered eating attitudes were a positive, and positive perfectionism was a negative predictor of body fat discrepancy. This study showed that while muscularity dissatisfaction is linked to the male sex, body fat dissatisfaction is not related to sex but to psychological variables of disordered eating attitudes and positive perfectionism in a population of youths that may be above average when it comes to physical activity.

Predictors of body image dissatisfaction among women at different stages of pregnancy:A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo explore the levels and predictors of body image dissatisfaction among women at different stages of pregnancy. DesignThis was a cross-sectional study design. Setting and participantsA total of 863 Chinese pregnant women were recruited from a tertiary hospital via a convenience sampling method. Measurement and findingsEligible participants completed a demographic questionnaire and self-reported measures of body image dissatisfaction, pregnancy-related anxiety, prenatal depression, and appearance comparison. Results showed no statistical difference in body image dissatisfaction levels among early-mid pregnancy (47.6 ± 6.17), late-mid pregnancy (47.3 ± 7.56), and late pregnancy stages (48.4 ± 6.22). The generalized linear model showed that gestational weight gain, pregnancy-related anxiety, own/family's perception of pregnancy weight, and current ideal weight change were predictors of body image dissatisfaction in the early-mid pregnancy stage. In addition, pre-pregnancy BMI, appearance comparison, own /family's perception of pregnancy weight, current ideal weight change, and overeating during pregnancy significantly predicted body image dissatisfaction in the late-mid pregnancy stage. Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in the late pregnancy stage comprised planned pregnancy, pre-pregnancy eating disorders, own perception of pregnancy weight, current ideal weight change, pregnancy-related anxiety, and prenatal depression. Key conclusion and implication for practiceThe findings suggest that predictors of body image dissatisfaction differed according to pregnancy stage. Self-perception of pregnancy weight was primary predictor of body image dissatisfaction. Healthcare professionals are recommended to provide prenatal health education to reduce own/family's negative perception of pregnancy weight, so as to alleviate the body image dissatisfaction level of pregnant women.

Body Composition and Its Perception among Professional Female Volleyball Players and Fitness Athletes (Silesia, Poland).

Female athletes experience both sociocultural and sport-specific pressures of an ideal body and appearance and are vulnerable to dissatisfaction with their bodies. Among sport-specific pressures, the type of sport is a predictor of body image dissatisfaction. The study included 150 females: 50 volleyball players, 50 bodybuilding and fitness athletes, and 50 female students, who were the control group. Body composition and perception and evaluation of one’s own body were assessed. BMI was similar in the study group of female athletes and the control group, but the bodybuilding and fitness athletes had the lowest body fat, while the control group had the highest. Perception of one’s own body in the aspect of the evaluation of specific body parts was highest among bodybuilding and fitness athletes, while in the aspect of body condition, the best results were obtained by volleyball players. Most female volleyball players were dissatisfied with their current body weight, as were women in the control group, in contrast to female bodybuilding and fitness athletes, who were most often satisfied with their current body weight.

Course and prediction of body image dissatisfaction during pregnancy: a prospective study

BackgroundDuring pregnancy, women`s bodies undergo rapid changes in body weight and body size within a relatively short period of time. Pregnancy may therefore be associated with an increased vulnerability for the development of body image dissatisfaction that has been linked to adverse health outcomes for mother and child. The present study aims to examine changes in body image during pregnancy as well as predictors of body image dissatisfaction. This is the first study using a tailored, multidimensional measure of body image especially developed for the pregnant population.MethodsA prospective longitudinal design with a quantitative approach was applied. Healthy pregnant women (N = 222) were assessed using standardized instruments at two time points (T1: 18th-22th week of gestation, T2: 33th-37th week of gestation). The impact of demographic, weight- and health-related, behavioral, and psychological factors assessed at T1 on body image dissatisfaction at T1 and T2 was examined using stepwise linear regression analyses.ResultsT-tests for paired samples revealed that dissatisfaction with strength-related aspects of body image, dissatisfaction with body parts, and concerns about sexual attractiveness increased significantly from the middle to the end of pregnancy. In contrast, preoccupation with appearance, dissatisfaction with complexion, and prioritization of appearance over function were significantly reduced over time. Stepwise linear regression analyses revealed that factors influencing body image depend on the component of body image investigated. Overall, a low level of self-esteem and a high level of pregnancy-specific worries were risk factors for several components of body image dissatisfaction. Besides these, poor sleep quality, low levels of physical activity, disturbed eating behavior, and higher levels of BMI and weight gain were significant predictors.ConclusionsThe results highlight the multidimensional nature of body image and show positive as well as negative changes during pregnancy. Overall, modifiable psychological, behavioral, and weight-related factors appear relevant to the extent of body image dissatisfaction.

Motivation to consume palatable foods as a predictor of body image dissatisfaction: Using the Power of Food Scale in a Brazilian sample

The Power of Food Scale (PFS) is a questionnaire for self-assessing the motivation to consume palatable foods, especially in environments where food is abundant and constantly available. This study aimed to a) assess the factorial structure of the PFS in a Brazilian sample and b) examine the relationship between the power of food and body image dissatisfaction and BMI. The PFS and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were applied to a sample of 300 adults. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis. Composite reliability (CR) was used to verify factor reliability. A partial least squares structural equation model was used to verify the effect of the PFS score on body image dissatisfaction. The PFS had an adequate factorial structure in this Brazilian sample, showing three well-defined factors: food available (CR = 0.91), food tasted (CR = 0.84), and food present (CR = 0.87). The BSQ showed one reliable factor (CR = 0.97). The power of the food aggregate factor significantly predicted body mass index (β = 0.16; p = .01) and body image dissatisfaction (β = 0.46; p < .001). The effect size was small for body mass index (f2 = 0.02) and medium for body image dissatisfaction (f2 = 0.26). The food present factor also had a slightly higher average among the three PFS factors. Women had higher PFS scores than men. Understanding the role that this motivation plays in physical and psychological outcomes such as body dissatisfaction can contribute to developing treatment strategies and support health professionals' performance in clinical settings.

Body Image and Sociocultural Predictors of Body Image Dissatisfaction in Croatian and Chinese Women.

In the current paper, two different studies were designed to investigate body image dissatisfaction and perception of the attractive female body in Chinese and Croatian women and men using the correlational and experimental study research approach. Study 1 comprised 266 Chinese (160 women; 106 men) and 261 Croatian participants (161 women; 100 men). Women from both countries were asked to complete the measures of the Contour Rating Scale, SATAQ – 4, Body Area Scale and demographic data, while men were asked to complete the measures of the Contour Rating Scale and demographic data via online surveys. The obtained results indicated that thin internalization predicted body image dissatisfaction in both samples. Besides, while both samples scored relatively high on thin-ideal internalization, Chinese women, who were also in general less satisfied with their body image, had higher scores. Chinese women also scored higher on musculature internalization and felt more pressure from family, friends, and media to conform to standard beauty norms compared to Croatian women. The samples also differed in their perceptions of preferable body size, where Chinese women had a more negative perception of their actual body size. The obtained results furthermore revealed that Chinese men preferred thinner women compared to Croatian men. Moreover, both samples misjudged what their female counterparts found attractive, thinking that women wanted to have even thinner bodies than they actually reported. Similarly, women from both cultures revealed a preference for thinner figures than the ones selected as the most attractive by the opposite sex. Finally, in Study 2, experimental manipulation of thin-ideal was used to examine whether thin priming affected body image dissatisfaction. The obtained results revealed that when primed with thin-ideal women from both countries felt lower satisfaction with their body size. The observed effect was stronger for Chinese participants. Limitations of the current study are discussed in the conclusion.

Body mass index and sum of skinfolds: Which is the best predictor of body image dissatisfaction in adolescents?

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The Predictors of Body Image Dissatisfaction among Undergraduate Students

The Predictors of Body Image Dissatisfaction among Undergraduate Students

Psychosocial predictors of body image dissatisfaction in patients referred for NHS aesthetic surgery

A limited number of studies have researched psychosocial predictors of body image dissatisfaction exclusively within the National Health Service (NHS) aesthetic surgery patient populations, despite aesthetic surgery being offered on an exceptional basis. The Adult Exceptional Aesthetic Referral Protocol (AEARP) defines criteria for aesthetic surgery under the NHS in Scotland. The protocol requires psychological assessment prior to surgery for the majority of aesthetic surgery procedures offered. It is therefore important to establish psychological predictors of body image dissatisfaction to aid with assessment and provision of psychological therapy for this patient group. 334 consecutive potential aesthetic surgery patients referred for psychological assessment under the AEARP completed psychosocial self-report assessment measures as part of routine practice. Multiple regression analysis using the forced entry method was used to investigate psychosocial predictors of body image dissatisfaction. Multiple regression analysis indicated that younger age, greater symptoms of depression, lower levels of self-esteem and greater interpersonal sensitivity significantly predicted higher levels of self-reported body image dissatisfaction. Symptoms of anxiety did not significantly predict body image dissatisfaction. This study indicates that both self perception and perception of self in relation to others, especially fear of being judged by others, significantly relates to body image dissatisfaction in this patient group. Psychological assessment of patients' suitability for aesthetic surgery should consider factors such as the patients' interpersonal functioning. Psychological intervention targeted at symptoms of depression, difficulties with self-esteem and interpersonal functioning may be of significant benefit to patients either prior to undergoing surgery or as an alternative to aesthetic surgery.

Relative deprivation: Measurement issues and predictive role for body image dissatisfaction

The study of how relative standing in the socioeconomic hierarchy affects health outcomes faces a number of challenges. Two critical issues are the choice of the indicator quantifying relative standard of living and the collinearity which typically arises when absolute standard of living is controlled for. We address these issues by taking into examination linear and concave measures of relative deprivation and by showing that collinearity can be lessened through manipulations of the measures’ formulae. Importantly, we argue that the two issues are intertwined and should be jointly considered by researchers. We illustrate the points above using nationally representative data from Mexico (N = 44,214) and studying relative deprivation as a predictor of body image dissatisfaction – a growing public health concern whose effects go well beyond eating disorders. Controlling for several individual characteristics, binary and multinomial logit regressions indicate relative deprivation as a risk factor for body image dissatisfaction. By conducting subsample analyses and by introducing an interaction term between gender and relative deprivation, we show evidence of a gender-based heterogeneity in the role of relative deprivation – which predicts feeling smaller than desired for both females and males and feeling larger than desired for females but not for males. This heterogeneity is discussed in the light of the different social pressures females and males face for slenderness and muscularity. Our evidence enriches the literature on socioeconomic gradients in health, pointing to an additional domain in which a low position in the socioeconomic ladder translates into greater likelihood of developing health problems and adopting health-compromising behaviors.

Body mass index and sum of skinfolds: Which is the best predictor of body image dissatisfaction in adolescents?

Abstract Objective To assess the association of body image dissatisfaction with two anthropometric indicators (body mass index and sum of skinfolds) in female adolescents and to identify the best predictor of body image dissatisfaction in this population. Method The study included 329 female students aged 11–14 years from Santa Maria/RS. Body image was evaluated by the scale of body silhouettes of Stunkard et al. Body weight, height and skinfold thickness were measured to calculate body mass index and sum of skinfolds. The chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were used in the SPSS® 15.0 software, adopting a significance level of 5.0%. Results Body image dissatisfaction was associated with both anthropometric indicators; however, body mass index showed greater predictive power of this phenomenon, and overweight and obese students were three times more likely to be dissatisfied. Conclusion This study suggests the use of body mass index as an anthropometric indicator in studies on body image in this population due to its strong relationship with body image dissatisfaction.

Interoceptive sensitivity, body image dissatisfaction, and body awareness in healthy individuals.

Relationships among interoceptive sensitivity (IS), body image dissatisfaction, body mass index (BMI), and self-reported body awareness were investigated in a cross-sectional study. Eighty-two Norwegian high school students and 70 Hungarian undergraduate university students participated in the study. Subjects completed two questionnaires (Body Image Ideals Questionnaire - BIQ; Body Awareness Questionnaire - BAQ) followed by the assessment of interoceptive sensitivity using the Mental Tracking Method (MTM). An inverse, medium-level relationship between body image dissatisfaction and IS was found in both the Norwegian and the Hungarian samples. The relationships between IS and self-reported body awareness, and between body image dissatisfaction and BMI were uniformly non-significant in both samples. Predictors of body image dissatisfaction were resting heart rate, gender, and IS in the regression analysis after controlling for BMI, age, and nationality. The negative relationship between IS and body image dissatisfaction described in patients with anorexia nervosa also exists in healthy individuals. There is no direct connection between IS and self-reported body awareness.

Impact of Obesity on Body Image Dissatisfaction and Social Integration Difficulty in Adolescent and Young Adult Burn Injury Survivors

Burn injury deformities and obesity have been associated with social integration difficulty and body image dissatisfaction. However, the combined effects of obesity and burn injury on social integration difficulty and body image dissatisfaction are unknown. Adolescent and young adult burn injury survivors were categorized as normal weight (n = 47) or overweight and obese (n = 21). Burn-related and anthropometric information were obtained from patients' medical records, and validated questionnaires were used to assess the main outcomes and possible confounders. Analysis of covariance and multiple linear regressions were performed to evaluate the objectives of this study. Obese and overweight burn injury survivors did not experience increased body image dissatisfaction (12 ± 4.3 vs 13.1 ± 4.4; P = .57) or social integration difficulty (17.5 ± 6.9 vs 15.5 ± 5.7; P = .16) compared with normal weight burn injury survivors. Weight status was not a significant predictor of social integration difficulty or body image dissatisfaction (P = .19 and P = .24, respectively). However, mobility limitations predicted greater social integration difficulty (P = .005) and body image dissatisfaction (P < .001), whereas higher weight status at burn was a borderline significant predictor of body image dissatisfaction (P = .05). Obese and overweight adolescents and young adults, who sustained major burn injury as children, do not experience greater social integration difficulty and body image dissatisfaction compared with normal weight burn injury survivors. Mobility limitations and higher weight status at burn are likely more important factors affecting the long-term social integration difficulty and body image dissatisfaction of these young people.

Comparison of video distortion and figural drawing scale for measuring and predicting body image dissatisfaction and distortion

Body image disturbance (BID) is conceptualized as having perceptual and attitudinal components that require separate measurement considerations. The perceptual component refers to the accuracy of body size judgment or body distortion, while the attitudinal component refers to satisfaction about body size. Two of the most common techniques employed for measuring BID are figural drawing scales and video distortion. This study utilized a within subjects design with 92 undergraduate students to compare methodologies and evaluate predictors of body image dissatisfaction and distortion. Participants completed a computerized video distortion method as well as the BIAS–BD, a reliable and valid figural drawing scale capable of measuring body size dissatisfaction and distortion. Results revealed that the figural drawing scale was less accurate in body size distortion as participants overestimated body size more than with video distortion. Participants also showed significantly higher levels of dissatisfaction (actual minus ideal size) on the figural drawing scale compared to the video distortion methodology, although these differences did not exist when comparing actual minus ideal size. BMI and gender were significant predictors of body dissatisfaction in both methodologies. No significant predictors of body size distortion for either method were identified.

Insatisfação com a imagem corporal: avaliação comparativa da associação com estado nutricional em universitários

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre insatisfação com a imagem corporal e dois indicadores de estado nutricional em universitários brasileiros, assim como identificar o melhor preditor de insatisfação com a imagem corporal em universitários brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 256 universitários (128 homens). Foram coletados dados demográficos (sexo e idade), antropométricos (massa corporal, estatura e espessura de dobras cutâneas) e de imagem corporal (silhueta atual e silhueta ideal). O índice de massa corporal (&lt; 18,5 ou ≥ 25,0 kg/m² = inadequado) e o somatório de espessura de cinco dobras cutâneas (≤ 30 ou ≥ 62 e ≤ 43 ou ≥ 76 mm = inadequado, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente) foram derivados subseqüentemente. A análise incluiu estatística descritiva, teste de proporção, qui-quadrado e regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos indivíduos foi de 23,1 anos (desvio padrão = 5,3), e a freqüência de insatisfeitos com a imagem corporal foi de 78,8%. A insatisfação com a imagem corporal não se associou ao sexo e ao índice de massa corporal. A análise multivariada demonstrou que a odds ratio associada ao somatório de espessura de cinco dobras cutâneas inadequado foi de 2,56. CONCLUSÃO: O índice de massa corporal não foi determinante de insatisfação com a imagem corporal, enquanto o somatório de espessura de cinco dobras cutâneas mostrou-se um preditor significativo desse distúrbio, independentemente do sexo.

Acculturation and Body Image Perception among Latino Youth

Objectives. Examine the prevalence and predictors of body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating among Latino youth. Design. One hundred and sixty-seven Latino youth were surveyed as part of a tailored nutrition communication intervention. The youth's mean age was 12.81 years (SD = 2.74) and 54% were female. Mean self-rated health was 2.59 (SD = 1.02; range: 1 = good to 5 = poor), despite 70% reporting a desire to be thinner. Using age and gender-specific growth charts, 16% of the youth were classified as at risk for overweight and 34% were classified as overweight. Results. Among adolescents, girls (p ≤ 0.001), youth who were classified as at risk for or being overweight (p ≤ 0.001), and who more strongly recognized and agreed with socially sanctioned standards of appearance as represented in the media (Standardized beta St. β = 1.86, p ≤ 0.001) were more dissatisfied with their body image (R2=0.57). Among children, being at risk for or overweight (p ≤ 0.001), reporting a stronger affiliation with the Mexican culture (St. β = 0.84, p ≤ 0.01) and stronger expectations that a healthy diet was associated with improved appearance (St. β = 0.63, p ≤ 0.05) predicted greater body image dissatisfaction (R2=0.55). Conclusion. Interventions that address sociocultural attitudes toward appearance may be effective at reducing both the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating.

Body Image Dissatisfaction in Cancer Survivors

To explore medical and psychosocial factors associated with body image dissatisfaction in male and female cancer survivors. Secondary data analysis from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors-II pilot survey. Cancer survivors were identified through two state cancer registry databases. 165 male and 234 female cancer survivors of six cancer types (bladder, female breast, colorectal, endometrial, prostate, and melanoma) who were 2, 5, and 10 years beyond diagnosis. Researchers notified physicians prior to participant recruitment. State cancer registries contacted potential participants via mailed letters. Participants who gave their informed consent completed a written survey. Current body image dissatisfaction, mental and physical health, sexual functioning, and basic medical and demographic information. Results of multiple regression analysis indicated that male survivors of prostate cancer were more likely to express positive body images than men who had other types of cancer. A composite variable that included a history of cancer recurrence, multiple cancers, or metastatic cancer was the strongest predictor of body image dissatisfaction for female survivors. Body image was not associated with age, length of time since diagnosis, or general treatment type for either gender. Body image was associated with various medical and psychosocial factors, and the factors differed for male and female cancer survivors. An understanding of factors associated with body image is essential for the nursing care of patients with cancer.

Correlates of Body Image Dissatisfaction in Extremely Obese Female Bariatric Surgery Candidates

This study investigated correlates of body image dissatisfaction in 131 extremely obese female bariatric surgery candidates. Female gastric bypass surgery candidates participating in a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation completed a battery of established self-report measures of body image and psychosocial functioning. Nine predictors of body image dissatisfaction were considered: body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, childhood onset of obesity, childhood teasing about weight, binge eating, depression, self-esteem, shame, and perfectionism. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the nine variables jointly accounted for 48% of the variance; three variables, depression, self-esteem and perfectionism, made significant independent contributions. Our findings highlight the importance of adult psychological functioning (depression, self-esteem and perfectionism) for predicting body image dissatisfaction in extremely obese female bariatric surgery candidates.

Binge eating and self-esteem predict body image dissatisfaction among obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery

We examined body image dissatisfaction (BID) in extremely obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery. The following predictors of BID were examined in a consecutive series of 260 (44 men and 216 women) gastric bypass candidates: gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), age at onset of overweight, childhood maltreatment, binge eating, depression, and self-esteem. Women reported significantly higher levels of BID than men. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that gender, binge eating, and self-esteem levels accounted for 41% of the variance in BID. In predicting BID levels separately by gender, binge eating and self-esteem accounted for 56% of the variance among men and for 33% of the variance among women. Among bariatric surgery candidates, women reported significantly higher BID than men. Our findings suggest the importance of binge eating and lower self-esteem for understanding BID in both men and women who are extremely obese.

Predictors of body image dissatisfaction and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors in African American and Hispanic girls

Disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors are widespread among girls in the United States. Because obesity is one of the leading risk factors for eating disorder development, African American and Hispanic girls may be at heightened risk due to their greater prevalence and degree of overweight. The present study examined the associations among disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors, body image dissatisfaction, weight classification, fears of negative evaluation, and coping skills among 139 African American and Hispanic girls in Grades 4 and 5 from a low-income urban area. African American girls had significantly lower body image dissatisfaction than Hispanic girls. Significant predictors of body image dissatisfaction included fear of negative evaluation and weight classification. Fear of negative evaluation was also a significant predictor of disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors. Overall, 10.1% of the African American girls and 12.7% of the Hispanic girls qualified for a diagnosis of a probable eating disorder. Girls with eating disorders had greater fears of negative evaluation and engaged in more cognitive avoidance. Both groups are at risk of eating disorder development.